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- PROTOCOL.TXT Author unknown. Some addl comments by T. McCormick: 01/91.
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-
- This is a brief summary of asynchronous protocols commonly used for send-
- ing and receiving files with personal computers.
-
- Sending files from one computer to another involves some sort of checking
- to insure that the receiving end gets only what was sent. This usually
- involves the use of some "protocol" or handshaking. This is a set of rules
- and signals performed in concert by both ends. Hence both ends must be
- using the same protocol!
-
-
- =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-= ASYNCHRONOUS PROTOCOLS =-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=-=
-
- When transferring files via a PC using a modem and a communications program,
- it is necessary to select one protocol for use at both ends.
-
- Different communications packages support different transfer protocols so
- you will need to check your documentaion to determine which protocols your
- communications package supports.
-
- Following is a brief description of the most commonly used PC protocols.
-
-
- ASCII DATA CAPTURE (... not truly a protocol, but widely used.)
-
- NOTE: You MAY NOT transfer a binary file (such as a .COM or .EXE file)
- using this method! You MAY NOT tranfer compressed files such as
- .ZIP or .ARC files either. ASCII may only be used for small text
- files where data integrity is not important.
-
- ASCII transfer is simply the sending of textual information, and is
- limited to 7 bit information. This excludes all characters above 127
- decimal such as the IBM PC graphics characters. It may be used for small
- text files over clean telephone lines. If data integrity is required,
- this method should NOT be used, or if used, the file should be sent twice
- and received as different filenames so that they can be compared with some
- utility such as COMP which comes with DOS.
-
- The transfer of files in ASCII mode can be done if your system is capable
- of any type of data capture. Just be aware that data may be dropped or
- garbage characters may be added from line noise during the transfer. Since
- no error checking such as a checksum or block length is being done, you
- are at the mercy of the irregular quality of phone transmission and
- switching equipment.
-
- ASCII is presented here even though it is not truly a "protocol". Even if
- the XON/XOFF (Control-S - Control-Q) signals are respected by both ends
- to prevent overruns, and the eighth bit is used for parity checking, the
- user has some aid, but not really enough.
-
-
-
- KERMIT
-
- This protocol's main claim is not speed, but rather its ability to interact
- with many types of computers from mainframes to micros. It can cope with
- systems limited to seven-bit characters even when the data to be transmittted
- is in eight-bit form. All characters to be sent are translated into standard
- printable characters and reconstructed on the receiving end. While not
- terribly efficient, it is sometimes an absolute necessity for data transfer
- involving different types of systmes and terminal types. It is not
- recommended for PC to PC transfers.
-
-
- XMODEM and XMODEM/CRC
-
- Xmodem is a file transfer protocol originally developed by Ward Christensen.
- There are two basic type of XMODEM protocols, XMODEM and XMODEM/CRC. Xmodem
- offers the advantage of error checking on a block by block basis to assure
- that the data sent contains no errors. It does this by adding a checksum byte
- to the end of each 128 byte block of data; the receiver calculates its own
- checksum and compares it to the one received. If an error is detected in the
- transmission, XMODEM will request that the sending PC retransmit the block of
- data. In addition to the above checksum comparison, XMODEM/CRC adds another
- level of error detection using a complex CYCLICAL REDUNANCY CHECK algorithm.
-
- XMODEM and XMODEM/CRC are slow protocols compared to many others available
- but they are quite reliable and available in almost all communications
- packages. They should only be used when you software supports no other
- protocol. XMODEM/CRC is preferrable to XMODEM due to its greatly improved
- error checking.
-
-
- 1K-XMODEM
-
- This protocol performs exactly like regular XMODEM/CRC, but increases the
- block size to 1024 bytes, hence the name 1K. It is slightly faster (on fairly
- clean phone lines) than regular XMODEM due to a smaller number of blocks being
- sent, and therefore fewer block checks being made.
-
- 1K-XMODEM/G
-
- This version of 1K-XMODEM makes use of MNP hardware error correction to do
- away with the block-by block checking in the normal version. The result is a
- very fast single file transfer protocol for use if YMODEM/G is not readily available.
-
-
-
- YMODEM
-
- YMODEM is a protocol devised by Chuck Forsberg of Omen Technology which adds
- enhancements to portocol based transfer. He is the author of DSZ and PRO-YAM
- communications products. These are mature and robust file transfer programs.
- YMODEM block sizes are variable at 128/1024, but 1K (1024) is the usual size.
- Error checking makes use of CRC-16, accurate to 99.99%. By definition, all
- YMODEM transfers are capable of sending multiple files at one request, with
- the file size and date included in the "header block" sent prior to each
- file. YMODEM supports multiple file transfer (both down and up) of up to 50
- files om a "batch".
-
- CAUTION: A number of communication programs incorrectly use the term
- YMODEM but actually send using 1K-XMODEM. This practice is
- not proper and will result in a failure when used with a
- true YMODEM transfer.
-
- Use of YMODEM, if supported by a caller's software is recommended over
- XMODEM and 1K-XMODEM for speed, reliability and features.
-
-
- YMODEM/G
-
- This variation of YMODEM is usually only available when callers are using
- modems supporting MNP (Microcom Networking Protocol) or the U.S. Robotics
- ARQ hardware error checking. MNP is a hardware based system in which the
- modems perform the actual error checking and correction, if needed. The
- software simply sends the information blindly from one system to the other
- using the protocol for block sorting information only. YMODEM/G is among
- the fastest protocols with the exception of the newer versions of ZMODEM.
- YMODEM/G also supports multiple file transfer (both down and up) of up to
- 50 files per "batch".
-
-
- ZMODEM
-
- Use this protocol if it is available at both ends. As of 1991, it is the
- protocol of choice for asynchronous file transfers. It is solid, widely
- used, and fast.
-
- ZMODEM is another protocol developed by Chuck Forsberg of Omen technology.
- It is a "streaming protocol", one which sends variable sized blocks of data
- with CRC-32 error checking for an accuracy of 99.9999%, but does not wait
- for an acknowledgment from the receiving computer. The sending system
- assumes data received is OK unless a repeat request is sent for a specific
- block. This streaming activity makes ZMODEM one of the fastest protocols
- available.
-
- ZMODEM supports multiple files transfer capability. This is commonly
- referred to as "batch transfers". ZMODEM also has the unique capability
- to resume file transfers that have been aborted for some reason and thus
- only partially completed. This crash recovery facility is usually not
- needed, but is very handy when it is.
-
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